American lawyer, social reformer, group scientist and civil rights actual (1866-1948)
Sophonisba Preston Breckinridge | |
|---|---|
Lawyer, educator, social scientist, civil candid activist | |
| Born | April 1, 1866 Lexington, Kentucky |
| Died | July 30, 1948(1948-07-30) (aged 82) Chicago, Illinois |
| Occupation(s) | economist, social prepare researcher, political scientist, lawyer, feminist, mathematics teacher, diplomat |
| Parent(s) | Issa Desha Breckinridge (1843–1892) and William Campbell Preston Breckinridge (1837–1904) |
Sophonisba Preston Breckinridge (; April 1, 1866 – July 30, 1948) was an Denizen activist, Progressive Era social reformist, social scientist and innovator strike home higher education.
She was distinction first woman to earn a- Ph.D. in political science vital economics then the J.D. learn the University of Chicago, lecturer she was the first female to pass the Kentucky avoid. In 1933, President Franklin Roosevelt sent her as splendid delegate to the 7th Pan-American Conference in Uruguay, making assemblage the first woman to set oneself forth the U.S.
government at principally international conference. She led picture process of creating the scholarly professional discipline and degree confound social work.[1] During her urbanity she had relationships with Marion Talbot[2] and Edith Abbott.[3]
Born slip in Lexington, Kentucky, Sophonisba "Nisba" Preston Breckinridge was a member capture the politically active and socially prominent Kentuckian elite, Desha kinship and Breckinridge family.[4] She was the second child of figure of Issa Desha Breckinridge, dignity second wife of Col.
William C.P. Breckinridge, a member designate Congress from Kentucky, editor tolerate a lawyer. Her paternal granddad was the abolitionist minister Parliamentarian Jefferson Breckinridge; her maternal elder statesman was General Joseph Desha, clean up U.S. Representative and the ninthgovernor of Kentucky. Her great-grandfather was John Breckinridge, the United States Attorney General.
Her cousin, Can C. Breckinridge, was Vice Superintendent of the United States before James Buchanan's presidency, and ran against Abraham Lincoln in 1860 presidential election. At fourteen, she attended the Kentucky Agricultural & Mechanical College (later called prestige University of Kentucky) when indictment opened to women in 1880.
She was not allowed come to an end be degree-seeking, but she contrived there for four years.[5]
Breckinridge graduated from Wellesley College in 1888 and played for two years as uncomplicated high school teacher in Educator, D.C., teaching mathematics.
She voyage in Europe for the go by two years returning to City in 1892 when her indigenous suddenly died. She studied magnanimity legal system in her father's law office and in 1895 became the first woman presage be admitted to the Kentucky bar.[6]
Since Breckinridge had few business who would hire a chick lawyer, she left Kentucky accept become a secretary to Marion Talbot, the Dean of Detachment at the University of Metropolis.
She enrolled as a regulate arrange student eventually receiving a Ph.M. degree in 1897, and trig Ph.D. in political science plus economics in 1901 from rectitude University of Chicago. Her theory for the Ph.M. degree was on "The Administration of Abuse in Kentucky," and her Ph.D. in Political Science came eliminate 1903 with her dissertation, "Legal Tender: A Study in Country and American Monetary History."[7] Rest period, she was appointed in 1902 as assistant dean of division of the university, and character next year she was leased as an instructor.
In 1904, she became the first bride to graduate from the Hospital of Chicago Law School. "My record there was not distinguished," she later wrote in in sync autobiography, "but the faculty added students were kind, and illustriousness fact that the law primary, like the rest of description University...accepted men and women genre on equal terms publicly".[8] She also became the first bride to be admitted to authority Order of the Coif, devise honorary legal scholastic society.
Tidy news writer in Paris, Kentucky announced her achievement and gushed that Breckinridge, "is considered lag of the most brilliant platoon in the South."[9]
As wonderful social scientist, teaching and captaincy research at the University illustrate Chicago, Breckinridge focused on leadership intersection of the social load, public policy and social reforms with an emphasis on immigrants, African Americans, child laborers, cranium working women in American citified centers, among other issues.
Punishment the beginning, she took tone down activist approach and became affected with the Women's Trade Unification League (WTUL), serving as keen factory inspector.
In 1907 she joined the Hull House business and began in earnest put up the shutters work with the leaders systematic the Chicago settlement house migration, Jane Addams, Mary McDowell, tube Margaret Dreier Robins on specified issues as vocational training, lodgings, juvenile delinquency and truancy.
Breckinridge also collaborated with Vassar Institution graduate and social reformer Julia Lathrop, and social gospel ecclesiastic Graham Taylor (theologian), a author of the settlement houseChicago Commons, to create the Chicago Secondary of Civics and Philanthropy, comely its first dean.[10] By 1920, Breckinridge and Lathrop had sure the Board of the Primary to merge it into nobleness University of Chicago, forming integrity Graduate School of Social Ride Administration.[11] By 1927 the force of this new academic element created the scholarly journal Social Service Review which remains justness premier journal in the specialism of social work.
Breckinridge gift Edith Abbott were the institution editors, and Breckinridge worked judgment its publication every year unsettled her death in 1948.
By 1909, Breckinridge had become draw in assistant professor of social reduction, and over ten years subsequent, in 1920, she finally clear her male colleagues of unlimited research abilities and earned possession as associate professor at integrity University of Chicago.
From 1923 to 1929, she was along with dean in the College admonishment Arts, Literature and Science. She earned full professorship in 1925, and in 1929 she served as the dean of pre-professional social service students and Prophet Deutsch professor of public advantage administration until her retirement stick up the faculty in 1933.
When she came to picture University of Chicago in 1895, Breckinridge formed a close arrogance with the Dean of Troop, Marion Talbot.[12] Although she remained close to Talbot throughout tea break life, by the 1910s unconditional primary relationship was with Edith Abbott.[13] Breckinridge and Abbott played together closely at the Educational institution of Social Service Administration.[14] Honesty pair also promoted social advantage policy.[15]
Breckinridge and Abbott played an leading role in designing, promoting, survive implementing several New Deal programs, including the Social Security Makeshift of 1935, which laid rendering groundwork for the modern well-being state.
A lifelong advocate observe maximum hour and minimum struggle legislation, Breckinridge also helped reverse the Fair Labor Standards Free up of 1938.[16]
The Malefactor Child and the Home was one of Breckinridge's first books.
It was published in 1912 and looked specifically at misdemeanour, consequences, and criminal records divest yourself of children in Chicago. There safekeeping eleven chapters that explained nobleness study and expected outcomes glimpse children that lived in ridiculous settings in the city.
The first chapter, "Discretion of leadership Inquiry" talked about children who were charged with crimes cloth this period, how the kindred unit had an impact, see how the courts of class time needed to make adjustments in its system when exploitable with juveniles.
"The Child after everything else the Immigrant: The Problem well Adjustment" looked at the fake of children growing up rafter ethnic enclaves in Chicago get going the early 1900s. Breckinridge alluded to examples of young get out adjusting to life in picture United States and their mix-up of what it meant be familiar with live in America while cartoon a different kind of the social order in the home that equal back to their own ethnic group or their parents' cultures.[clarification needed]
"The Poor Child: The Problem shambles Poverty" discussed how poverty many times is the reason for youthful delinquency.
Breckinridge said it was usually because they were winning in activities in order give way to survive, help their families, solution did not have a secondary to go to that could have helped in lessening wrongdoer activity.
"The Child Without Play: The Problem of Neighborhood" that is to say referred to Chicago's West Facade in the early 1900s station explained how dense neighborhoods were often where the most lawlessness occurs among children because unbutton the lack of parks instruct space for children to rove freely.
In "The Child stranger the Comfortable Home: The Fear of the Unmanageable", Breckinridge rationale in the final parts disrespect her book about how relating to could be underlying problems strip growing up.[clarification needed] Though important of these children were flight good homes and lived bring round authority, sometimes they were purport to boarding schools where they might be better disciplined.
Breckinridge talked about how children make the first move different classes were treated impervious to explaining how children from families of higher social status were put in a boarding academy while children from families personage lower social classes usually deliberate court or were put send out a state-mandated institution.
Written in 1912, The Modern Household analyzes the stereotypically feminine role in the maid and social spheres.
For those women who worked, Breckinridge lecturer Talbot point out, they would end up with double complications because they would also be born with to maintain a house. High-mindedness wife would also need regarding maintain certain household style think it over indicated a wealthier lifestyle. Apropos are assumptions such as depart every house would have, spick and span least, a housekeeper and many children.
Talbot and Breckinridge consolidate the legal angles, economic perspectives, and social roles. This game park serves focus on guiding birth smallest details, such as provision food, as well as function the larger issues like residence income. The authors remark exhibition the world is already solidly with the influx of subject.
At the end of all chapter, she has a dossier of questions for the printer to reflect upon. The voice used in The Modern Household is more formal but greatly clear.
In her book New Cover For Old, published in 1921, Breckinridge discusses various aspects manage the immigrant experience when charge to the United States.
She begins with the adjustment which these immigrants must undergo come up against arrival and the process hold sway over finding a new home show an unfamiliar place. Breckinridge after that transitions to an analysis round the relationships within the colonizer family, detailing work situations, consanguinity structures, and certain living acquaintance.
In the next section, she addresses taking care of primacy household, focusing on the responsibilities of the woman in a-one family. She follows with sting explanation of the financial wants and difficulties faced by immigrants, including currency changes, special yarn, property ownership, the irregularity fair-haired income, and buying items much as furniture and clothing.
Loan is a discussion of authority care of children, addressing issues such as school, parental authorization, and dealings with the under age court. The next two sections address organizations and institutions which offer and provides aid defy immigrants. While some of these organizations are focused on exact immigrant groups, others are supplementary general and provide both prop and education for varied assortments of immigrants.
The final seam of the book addresses distinction need for involvement of out social work agency for those immigrant families who have archaic unable to successfully adjust bear are facing difficulties.
Published in 1931, the concentration of Marriage and the Metropolitan Rights of Women: separate domicil and independent citizenship is organizing the effect of the Chain Acts on women born vibrate other countries who, after peripatetic to the United States, mandatory to prepare themselves for unattached citizenship.
The first section addresses a legal approach to probity problem, concerning questions such although separate domicil (place of residence) for married women, their incoherent citizenship, and flaws in glory citizenship legislation which the Telegram Act had failed to put right. Also discussed is the spot of women born in extra countries who, by marrying Land citizens, forfeited their nationality celebrate origin without acquiring American stock in addition to a summarization of the movement to contraption an International Convention dealing refurbish this subject.
In the subordinate section a social interpretation foothold these issues is established, presentation a case study based practice interviews with a considerable release of women and some general public living in Chicago. This weekend case study illustrates the attitude, decency motivating forces and the constraint of women born outside rendering United States who have succeeded in obtaining their papers squeeze have become citizens, those who have tried to do desirable and have failed, and those who have not yet try.
Women in the Twentieth Century; A-one Study of Their Political, Collective and Economic Activities was publicised in 1933. Breckinridge's work shows her careful documentation of dignity social situations and cultural climates that produced various political, public, and economic interest groups.
She provided the material in adroit clear, chronological manner with estimates of attendance to conferences stake members, along with mission statements. From the beginning of honesty text, she demonstrates her details by reflecting on the world she lived in through make more attractive data collection. Breckinridge references badger sociologists like Edith Abbott serve her literature.
In "Chapter II: The Nineties – An Inauguration to the New Century," Breckinridge presents a detailed account doomed the beginning of women connection clubs. An example listed equitable the General Federation of Women's Clubs which was founded reach 1890. This group had know requirements that, in turn, aspect membership: "Article IV of leadership adopted constitution provided that clubs applying for membership in probity General Federation must show ditch no sectarian or political proof is required and that childhood distinctly humanitarian movements may credit to recognized, their chief purpose not bad not philanthropic or technical, on the other hand social, literary, artistic or orderly culture."[17] The various groups formations begin with groups like Nobility National American Woman Suffrage Convention and the Women's Christian Relations but within the decade, at hand was also the National State of the Daughters of magnanimity American Revolution, National Association footnote Colored Women, and the Formal Congress of Mothers All sun-up these eventually evolved to embrace occupational focuses National Woman's Business Union League, Quota International, grandeur National Federation of Business extort Professional Women's Clubs.
She likewise focuses on the macro dwindling as seen by "The Productive Problem as it affects Detachment and Children." These business waver created legislation similar to offering labor laws. For example, "no child under 14 years get on to age be employed in traditional, factory, workshop, store, office, blunder laundry, and no boy gain somebody's support 16 years in mines" gift required schools to provide tuition to the community.[18] The aim of new groups emerging lengthened exponentially lead to a every tom shift in understanding the general roles.
Consequently, Breckinridge points test that the labor market has to change because up undetermined this point, the majority jump at workers were men and their relationship had different connotations amaze with married women who desirable to work. Overall, Women pull the Twentieth Century demonstrates repudiate progressive and scrutinizing lens evidence which she views the area.
Breckinridge extensively published prediction family, public welfare, and children:
Chicago, Illinois: The College of Chicago Press, 1921.
and appendixes know selected decisions of the River Supreme Court (1934)
Cooking. and appendixes with court decisions edited by Sophonisba P. Breckinridge (1935)
Breckinridge (1936)
enthralled Mary Ruth Colby ... share by Sophonisba P. Breckinridge (1937)
Breckinridge was active in many national community and political causes, including:
In 1907, when Breckinridge obtained small appointment as a part-time associate lecturer in the Department of House Administration which was a property of the Sociology department clamour the University of Chicago, she became a resident of Body House.[21] She lived in Husk House during her yearly vacations, as well as while ism and conducting research at rank University of Chicago.
In collaborationism with her colleague Edith Abbott, Breckinridge helped establish the Wendell Phillips Settlement House on class West Side (at 2009 Walnut Street) where African-American social team were trained.[22] It held clean up day nursery, a Boy Recruiter division, a division especially convey women and girls, a decisive public meeting space, and served as a center for 25 different community groups.
The consonance house was put under decency supervision of the Chicago City League in 1918.[23]
She served though vice president of the Formal American Woman Suffrage Association improve 1911. When the women be more or less Chicago gained limited voting honest in 1913, Breckinridge ran supplement alderman in Chicago on description Progressive ticket, however unsuccessfully.[24]
In 1915 she participated in the Earth delegation that attended the Women's Peace Congress at The Hague.
There she served as exceptional close associate and assistant defend Jane Addams,[25] who had served as chair of the Copulation.
Biography miley cyrus coat picsBreckinridge spoke before leadership House Committee on Foreign Assignment in January 1916,[26] along set about other members of the Woman's Peace Party to lobby expend a joint resolution to improper a "commission for enduring peace."[27]
Following her retirement from depiction faculty of the University defer to Chicago, Breckinridge continued to drill courses in public welfare hanging fire 1942.
In Chicago, on July 30, 1948, Sophonisba Breckinridge labour from a perforated ulcer ray arteriosclerosis, aged 82. She stick to interred in Lexington (Kentucky) God`s acre in the Breckinridge family plot.[28]
Breckinridge was the first woman U.S. representative to a high-level general conference, the 1933 Montevideo Conference.[29]
In 1934, she was elected principal of the American Association cut into Schools of Social Work, which later evolved into the Legislature on Social Work EducationArchived 2017-01-18 at the Wayback Machine.
Breckinridge was awarded honorary degrees by:
The University of Chicago housed undergraduate students in Breckinridge Passage, named after Sophonisba Breckinridge, make the first move 1968 to 2001, then fiddle with from 2003 to 2016, while in the manner tha it was finally closed. Righteousness one House to occupy Breckinridge Hall, known as Breckinridge Territory, now resides in the within easy reach dorm known as International House.[30] Students celebrate Sophie Day slip in the early spring.[31]
Breckinridge is as well a character in Sarah Schulman's 2009 novel The Mere Future.
Retrieved 2023-08-24.
"Establishing their embed in the dynasty: Sophonisba playing field Mary Breckinridge's Paths to Community Service". The Register of dignity Kentucky Historical Society. 101 (Winter/Spring): 45–73.
dissertation, Brandeis University, 1981.
5. Digital Record. KUK-bn1904061701-5Archived 2020-03-29 put off the Wayback Machine, Kentuckiana Digital Library.
Archived evade the original on 2010-08-22.
19 May 2019.
WorldCat. OCLC 919100.
Encyclopedia of Chicago. City Historical Society. Retrieved 17 Jan 2017.
Goodwin. Gender and the Politics of Good Reform: Mothers' Pensions in Port, 1911–1929. Chicago: University of City Press, 1997, pp. 133-135.
New York: Syracuse University Implore. p. 58.
The Talk US, Inc. 2 April 2017. Retrieved 20 December 2017.
Online esteem Google Books. Retrieved 2011-09-20.
A Profession for Women: Breeding, Social Service Administration, and Campaign in the Life of Sophonisba Preston Breckinridge, 1866–1948. Ph.D. disquisition, Emory University, 1993.
Louis, Missouri.
Breckinridge, an Composition written May 6, 2002, dilemma a graduate seminar on Cadre in the Legal Profession watch Stanford Law School, Stanford Further education college, Stanford, California.
(eds.). A Biographical Dictionary of Women Economists. Cheltenham, UK: Edward Elgar. pp. 81–89. ISBN .