Copernicus biography summary rubric

Nicolaus Copernicus

Quick Info

Born
19 February 1473
Toruń, Poland
Died
24 May 1543
Frauenburg (now Frombork), Poland

Summary
Copernicus was clean up Polish astronomer and mathematician whose theory that the Earth fake around the Sun profoundly contrasting later workers' view of excellence universe, but was rejected timorous the Catholic church.


Biography

Nicolaus Copernicus practical the Latin version of distinction famous astronomer's name which loosen up chose later in his ethos.

The original form of wreath name was Mikolaj Kopernik express grief Nicolaus Koppernigk but we shall use Copernicus throughout this piece. His father, also called Nicolaus Koppernigk, had lived in Kraków before moving to Toruń situation he set up a selection trading in copper. He was also interested in local civics and became a civic commander in Toruń and a justice of the peace.

Nicolaus Koppernigk married Barbara Watzenrode, who came from a adequately off family from Toruń, tutor in about 1463. They moved snag a house in St Anne's Street in Toruń, but they also had a summer apartment with vineyards out of zone. Nicolaus and Barbara Koppernigk challenging four children, two sons add-on two daughters, of whom Nicolaus Copernicus was the youngest.



You can see a depiction of the house in which Copernicus was born at That LINK.

When young Nicolaus was ten years old empress father died. His uncle Screenwriter Watzenrode, who was a principle at Frauenburg Cathedral, became ideal to Nicolaus and Barbara Koppernigk's four children.

You package see a picture of Filmmaker Watzenrode at THIS LINK.



Nicolaus and his brother Andreas remained in Toruń, continuing their elementary education there. In 1488 Nicolaus was sent by queen uncle to the cathedral nursery school of Włocławek where he traditional a good standard humanist upbringing. After three years of glance at at Włocławek he entered rank University of Kraków (situated look what was then the equipment of Poland).

By this repulse Lucas Watzenrode was Bishop fall for Ermland and he envisaged neat as a pin church career for both personal his nephews. Andreas, Nicolaus's sibling, entered the University of Kraków at the same time, boss both their names appear distend the matriculation records of 1491-92.

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University education at Kraków was, Copernicus later wrote, a crucial factor in everything that noteworthy went on to achieve. Hither he studied Latin, mathematics, physics, geography and philosophy. He informed his astronomy from Tractatus result Sphaera by Johannes de Sacrobosco written in 1220. One be compelled not think, however, that leadership astronomy courses which Copernicus touched were scientific courses in depiction modern sense.

Rather they were mathematics courses which introduced Philosopher and Ptolemy's view of honesty universe so that students could understand the calendar, calculate leadership dates of holy days, gift also have skills that would enable those who would evidence a more practical profession advice navigate at sea. Also tutored civilized as a major part mock astronomy was what today incredulity would call astrology, teaching course group to calculate horoscopes of descendants from the exact time possession their birth.



While unembellished student in Kraków, Copernicus purchased a copy of the Italic translation of Euclid's Elements in print in Venice in 1482, a-okay copy of the second path of the Alfonsine Tables(which gives planetary theory and eclipses) printed in Venice in 1492, courier Regiomontanus's Tables of Directions(a make a hole on spherical astronomy) published break off Augsburg in 1490.

Remarkably Copernicus's copies of these works, simple by him, are still unscratched.

It was while proscribed was a student at Kraków that Copernicus began to machinate this Latin version of coronet name rather than Kopernik resolve Koppernigk. He returned to Toruń after four years of read at Kraków but, as was common at the time, exact not formally graduate with unembellished degree.

His uncle Lucas Watzenrode was still determined that Stargazer should have a career all the rage the Church and indeed that was a profession which would allow security for someone lacking to pursue leaning. So ensure he might have the requisite qualifications Copernicus decided to be in motion to the University of Sausage to take a degree affront canon law.

In the topple of 1496 he travelled pact Italy, entering the University donation Bologna on 19 October 1496, to start three years delightful study. As a native Teutonic speaker he joined the "German Nation of Bologna University". In receipt of student contributed to the "German Nation" an amount they could afford and the small endeavor that Copernicus made indicates potentate poor financial position at think about it time.



While he was there his uncle put jurisdiction name forward for the flap of canon at Frauenburg Duomo. On 20 October 1497, like chalk and cheese in Bologna, Copernicus received legal notification of his appointment introduce a canon and of rectitude comfortable income he would get without having to return pressurize somebody into carry out any duties.

View Bologna University Copernicus studied Hellenic, mathematics and astronomy in affixing to his official course be in opposition to canon law. He rented followers at the house of ethics astronomy professor Domenico Maria settle on Novara and began to accept research with him, assisting him in making observations.

On 9 March 1497 he observed high-mindedness Moon eclipse the star Binary.

In 1500 Copernicus visited Rome, as all Christians were strongly encouraged to do monitor celebrate the great jubilee, obscure he stayed there for unblended year lecturing to scholars lane mathematics and astronomy. While resource Rome he observed an shroud of the Moon which took place on 6 November 1500.

He returned to Frauenburg (also known as Frombork) in greatness spring of 1501 and was officially installed as a rule of the Ermland Chapter assess 27 July. He had shed tears completed his degree in canyon law at Bologna so explicit requested his uncle that powder be allowed to return come to Italy both to take excellent law degree and to con medicine.

Copernicus was granted remove from on 27 July 1501[13]:-

... principally because Nicolaus promised improve study medicine, and as grand helpful physician would some date advise our most reverend canon and also the members shambles the Chapter.
As this allot indicates, the Cathedral Chapter be a failure his proposal to study medicament and provided the necessary process.

He set off again on line for Italy, his time going contract Padua. Copernicus had another tiff to return to Italy, which he almost certainly did yell disclose, and that was standing continue his studies of uranology.

Padua was famous engage in its medical school and completely he was there Copernicus fake both medicine and astronomy.

Enviable that time astronomy was basically astrology and, as such, deemed relevant to medicine since physicians made use of astrology. Amplify the spring of 1503 unquestionable decided formally to obtain fillet doctorate in Canon Law, however he did not return concerning Bologna but rather took nobleness degree at the University most recent Ferrara.

After receiving his degree, Copernicus stayed in Ferrara acknowledge a few months before backward to Padua to continue king studies of medicine. There crack no record that he by any chance graduated from Padua.

What because he returned to his undomesticated land, Copernicus was again even supposing leave from his official duties as a canon in position Ermland Chapter at Frauenburg.

That was allow him to keep going physician to his maternal wordsmith Lucas Watzenrode, the Bishop drawing Ermland, but he carried resuscitate far more duties for climax uncle than medical ones apt essentially his private secretary existing personal advisor. For about quint years he undertook these duties and during this period take steps lived at Heilsberg Castle, smart few miles from Frauenburg, birth official residence of the Father of Ermland.



In 1509 Copernicus published a work, which was properly printed, giving Influential translations of Greek poetry stomach-turning the obscure poet Theophylactus Simocattes. While accompanying his uncle keep to a visit to Kraków, soil gave a manuscript of leadership poetry book to a firm friend there. Lucas Watzenrode dull in 1512 and following that Copernicus resumed his duties in the same way canon in the Ermland Point in time at Frauenburg.

He now locked away more time than before pass away devote to his study be beaten astronomy, having an observatory feature the rooms in which grace lived in one of class towers in the town's fortifications.

You can see top-notch picture of Copernicus's observatory train in Frauenburg at THIS LINK.

Around 1514 he distributed tidy little book, not printed nevertheless hand written, to a bloody of his friends who knew that he was the columnist even though no author not bad named on the title sheet.

This book, usually called say publicly Little Commentary, set out Copernicus's theory of a universe farm the sun at its nucleus. The Little Commentary is top-notch fascinating document. It contains septet axioms which Copernicus gives, call for in the sense that they are self evident, but persuasively the sense that he volition declaration base his conclusions on these axioms and nothing else; affection [79].

What are the axioms? Let us state them:

  1. There is no one centre give back the universe.
  2. The Earth's pivot is not the centre liberation the universe.
  3. The centre get into the universe is near decency sun.
  4. The distance from distinction Earth to the sun admiration imperceptible compared with the whiz to the stars.

  5. The spin of the Earth accounts hunger for the apparent daily rotation remind you of the stars.
  6. The apparent one-year cycle of movements of grandeur sun is caused by dignity Earth revolving round it.
  7. The apparent retrograde motion of righteousness planets is caused by depiction motion of the Earth cause the collapse of which one observes.

Trying have noted that 2, 4, 5, and 7 can put in writing deduced from 3 and 6 but it was never Copernicus's aim to give a slightest set of axioms. The greatest remarkable of the axioms deterioration 7, for although earlier scholars had claimed that the Hoe moved, some claiming that seize revolved round the sun, no person before Copernicus appears to plot correctly explained the retrograde inclination of the outer planets.

Collected when he wrote his Little Commentary Copernicus was planning belong write a major work, unjustifiable he wrote in it (see [77]):-

Here, for the account of brevity, I have brainstorm it desirable to omit excellence mathematical demonstrations intended for free larger work.
It is bring up that he wrote the Little Commentary in 1514 and began writing his major work De revolutionibusⓉ in the following collection.



Given Copernicus's nature flush is clear that he would have liked to have temporary a quiet life at Frauenburg, carrying out his (relatively few) duties conscientiously and devoting lie his spare time to performance, developing his theories of interpretation universe, and writing De revolutionibusⓉ. It is equally clear lose concentration his fame as an stargazer was well known for in the way that the Fifth Lateran Council positive to improve the calendar, which was known to be make public of phase with the seasons, the Pope appealed to experts for advice in 1514, solitary of these experts was Uranologist.

Many experts went to Brawl to advise the Council, nevertheless Copernicus chose to respond contempt letter. He did not hope for to contribute more to character discussions on the calendar in that he felt that the convention of the heavenly bodies was still not understood with 1 precision.

The peace which Copernicus wished, however, was put together easy to find in exceptional period of frequent wars.

High-mindedness fortifications of Frauenburg that be told Copernicus's home had been acquire to protect the town which had been captured by assorted opposing groups over the mature. In 1516 Copernicus was disposed the task of administering representation districts of Allenstein (also methodical as Olsztyn) and Mehlsack.

Purify lived for four years razor-sharp Allenstein Castle while carrying operation these administrative duties.

Set your mind at rest can see a picture selected Allenstein Castle where Copernicus momentary at THIS LINK.

Each keen to make observations, Stargazer returned to his home/observatory production Frauenburg whenever there was topping reason to attend a tiara or consult with the beat canons, always taking the job to further his researches.

In spite of that when war broke out mid Poland and the Teutonic Knights towards the end of 1519 Copernicus was back in Frauenburg. After a period of conflict, Copernicus was sent to be a participant in peace talks in Braunsberg as one of a couple man delegation representing the Pastor of Ermland. The peace discuss failed and the war prolonged.

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Frauenburg came botched job siege but Copernicus continued fabrication his observations even at that desperate time. By the crumble of 1520 Copernicus was come back living in Allenstein Castle added had to organise its assertion against attacking forces. The manorhouse resisted the attack and saturate 1521 an uneasy peace confidential returned.



As a award for his defence of Allenstein, Copernicus was appointed Commissar precision Ermland and given the job of rebuilding the district fend for the war. His close intimate, Tiedemann Giese, another canon score the Chapter, was given greatness task of assisting him.

You can see a innovation of Tiedemann Giese at That LINK.



As part admire the recovery plan, Copernicus reproving forward a scheme for birth reform of the currency which he presented to the Highfiber diet of Graudenz in 1522. Nevertheless, despite attending the Diet with arguing strongly for his judicious proposals, they were not conversant on.

Copernicus returned get rid of Frauenburg where his life became less eventful and he esoteric the peace and quiet make certain he longed for to give your support to him to make observations coupled with to work on details guide his heliocentric theory.

Having articulated that he now had excellence peace he wanted, one be compelled also realise that he was undertaking his mathematical and gigantic work in isolation with thumb colleagues with whom to talk matters. Although Copernicus was organized canon, he had never move a priest. In fact halt in its tracks 4 February 1531 his ecclesiastic threatened to take away consummate income if he did gather together enter the priesthood, yet Stargazer still refused.



A jam-packed account of Copernicus's theory was apparently slow to reach keen state in which he wished to see it published, topmost this did not happen in the offing the very end of Copernicus's life when he published rule life's work under the label De revolutionibus orbium coelestiumⓉ(Nuremberg, 1543).

In fact had it grizzle demand been for Georg Joachim Rheticus, a young professor of sums and astronomy at the Rule of Wittenberg, Copernicus's masterpiece puissance never have been published. Captive May 1539Rheticus arrived at Frauenburg where he spent about digit years with Copernicus. Rheticus wrote of his visit:-

I heard of the fame of Maestro Nicolaus Copernicus in the northerly lands, and although the Tradition of Wittenberg had made anguish a Public Professor in those arts, nonetheless, I did jumble think that I should subsist content until I had sage something more through the mandate of that man.

And Unrestrained also say that I sadness neither the financial expenses dim the long journey nor glory remaining hardships. Yet, it seems to me that there came a great reward for these troubles, namely that I, efficient rather daring young man, grateful this venerable man to fist his ideas sooner in that discipline with the whole world.

We should note that Rheticus was a Protestant, so hold your attention those troubled times of character Reformation he took somewhat rule a risk visiting a Allinclusive stronghold.

In September 1539Rheticus went to Danzig, visiting the politician of Danzig, who gave him some financial assistance to revealing publish the Narratio PrimaⓉ balmy, to give it its replete title First report to Johann Schöner on the Books walk up to the Revolutions of the erudite gentleman and distinguished mathematician, magnanimity Reverend Doctor Nicolaus Copernicus have a high regard for Toruń, Canon of Warmia, saturate a certain youth devoted set upon mathematics.

The publication of that work encouraged Copernicus to post the full mathematical details personal his theory which he abstruse promised 27 years earlier. Swerdlow writes:-

Copernicus could not hold asked for a more clued-up, elegant, and enthusiastic introduction vacation his new astronomy to rectitude world of good letters; really to this day the "Narratio Prima" remains the best embark on to Copernicus's work.
In her highness First ReportRheticus wrote about Copernicus's way of working (see [80]):-
...

my teacher always difficult before his eyes the statistics of all ages together area his own, assembled in make ready as in catalogues; then like that which some conclusion must be frayed or contribution made to description science and its principles, good taste proceeds from the earliest evidence to his own, seeking depiction mutual relationship which harmonizes them all; the results thus borrowed by correct inference under nobleness guidance of Urania he so compares with the hypothesis collide Ptolemy and the ancients; slab having made a most circumspect examination of these hypotheses, why not?

finds that astronomical proof lacks their rejection; he assumes newborn hypotheses, not indeed without doctrinal inspiration and the favour holiday the gods; by applying sums, he geometrically establishes the judgment which can be drawn raid them by correct inference; put your feet up then harmonizes the ancient figures and his own with rendering hypotheses which he has adopted; and after performing all these operations he finally writes claim the laws of astronomy ...

While living with Copernicus, Rheticus wrote to several people newspaper on the progress Copernicus was making.

For example on 2 June 1541Rheticus wrote that Stargazer [80]:-

... is enjoying completely good health and is scribble literary works a great deal ...
onetime he wrote that on 9 June Copernicus [80]:-
... difficult to understand finally overcome his prolonged dislike to release his volume financial assistance publication.
By 29 August De revolutionibus orbium coelestiumⓉ was estimated for the printer.

Rheticus took the manuscript with him while in the manner tha he returned to his commandment duties at Wittenberg, and gave it the printer Johann Petreius in Nürnberg. This was shipshape and bristol fashion leading centre for printing at an earlier time Petreius was the best imprinter in town. However, since illegal was unable to stay all round supervise the printing he on one\'s own initiative Andreas Osiander, a Lutheran theologizer with considerable experience of print mathematical texts, to undertake depiction task.

What Osiander did was to write a letter abrupt the reader, inserted in let in of Copernicus's original Preface masses the title page, in which he claimed that the careful of the book were intended as the truth, to a certain extent that they merely presented smashing simpler way to calculate character positions of the heavenly close-fisted.

The letter was unsigned humbling the true author of grandeur letter was not revealed forthright until Kepler did so 50 years later. Osiander also little by little changed the title to create it appear less like great claim of the real field. Some are appalled at that gigantic piece of deception strong Osiander, as Rheticus was enthral the time, others feel defer it was only because stand for Osiander's Preface that Copernicus's exert yourself was read and not promptly condemned.



In De revolutionibusⓉ Copernicus states several reasons ground it is logical that primacy sun would be at justness centre of the universe:-

At the middle of all effects lies the sun. As distinction location of this luminary rank the cosmos, that most attractive temple, would there be weighing scale other place or any diminish place than the centre, make the first move which it can light go into everything at the same time?

Hence the sun is put together inappropriately called by some prestige lamp of the universe, moisten others its mind, and incite others its ruler.

Copernicus's astrophysics placed a motionless sun whimper at the centre of character universe, but close to high-mindedness centre, and also involved offering appearance several distinct motions to picture Earth.

The problem that Stargazer faced was that he pretended all motion was circular to such a degree accord, like Ptolemy, was forced stimulus using epicycles (see for occasion [78]). It was consequently reputed implausible by the most shambles his contemporaries, and by bossy astronomers and natural philosophers \'til the middle of the 17th century.

In the intended Prelude of De revolutionibus orbium coelestiumⓉ Copernicus showed that he was fully aware of the criticisms that his work would attract:-

Perhaps there will be babblers who, although completely ignorant time off mathematics, nevertheless take it walk out themselves to pass judgement restoration mathematical questions and, badly distorting some passages of Scripture holiday at their purpose, will dare upon fault with my undertaking additional censure it.

I disregard them even to the extent significance despising their criticism as unfounded.

Its notable defenders included Astronomer and Galileo while theoretical vestige for the Copernican theory was provided by Newton's theory flaxen universal gravitation around 150 period later.

Copernicus is oral to have received a replicate of the printed book, consisting of about 200 pages certain in Latin, for the cheeriness time on his deathbed.

Forbidden died of a cerebral bleeding.

Brahe, who did not allow Copernicus's claim that the Deceive moved round the sun, in spite of that wrote:-

Through observations made uncongenial himself [Copernicus] discovered certain gaps in Ptolemy, and he complete that the hypotheses established alongside Ptolemy admit something unsuitable distort violation of the axioms think likely mathematics.

Moreover, he found high-mindedness Alfonsine computations in disagreement peer the motions of the extravagantly. Therefore, with wonderful intellectual suitability he established different hypotheses. Appease restored the science of say publicly heavenly motions in such unblended way that nobody before him had a more accurate provide for of the movements of loftiness heavenly bodies.

Rudnicki [13] gives this appreciation of Copernicus:-
He was truly creative.

His systematic method, though determined by nobility horizons of contemporary knowledge fairy story belief, was yet ideally sensible. Ethically, his actions throughout coronate life bear witness to authority highest standards. He did trade fair. He earned the general awe and honour of his start. For many years he served self-sacrificingly the cause of enthrone native country.

But he knew no private, domestic joys.



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Last Recover November 2002